HEALTH Its Dimensions Models And Theories Essay free essay sample

Health ; It? s Dimensions, Models And Theories. Essay, Research Paper The World Health Organisation defines? wellness? as: ? ? . A complete provinces of physical, mental and societal well being? non simply the absence of disease. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? WHO ( 1946 ) Constitution, Geneva. If we were all to be in conformity with this definition, there would be really few people who would be classed as being with their? wellness? . This definition has been described by some societal scientists as ? Utopian? how wellness would be in an ideal universe. With understanding I am traveling to explicate what I believe to be my position of wellness from a laymans? position, and so, utilizing late used cognition explain what my construct of? ? wellness? is from theoretical positions. I will so look at the two contrasting theoretical accounts of wellness and discourse how these fulfil the WHO definition.There are many different positions in the manner which we position the term? wellness? . We will write a custom essay sample on HEALTH Its Dimensions Models And Theories Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Everyone is alone so wellness is something that varies from individual to individual ; we all have our ain positions on what is meant by being in good wellness, a batch of people take their wellness for granted, and wellness is frequently something that can be neglected without idea. Many look upon wellness as being the absence of disease, unwellness, achings and strivings. ? Your all right every bit long as you have got your wellness? , this is something we frequently here, but does it mention to being wholly without unwellness, no worse than can be expected or allow with one? s fortunes. To depict my ain position of? ? what? wellness is from a laymans? position, I would hold to say that it would be to be without hurting and disease, to hold mental and physical stableness and to hold the freedom and independency to do my ain life picks. I feel that person? s wellness can frequently be affected by his or her quality of life, to experience good about one? s ego you besides need to experience dignified. Everyone? s wellness is alone to them, we are all unique in our organic structures and mind? s, and people react in different ways to different state of affairss. To demo this I am utilizing an illustration of a adult female, whom I know, who describes herself as being in good wellness. I am besides traveling to give a brief description of another friend who suffers with the same status. Yet the sentiment of a trefoil or dreamer, sing the first illustration, would be that she was without her wellness, this would be the position from the biomedical attack to wellness. The societal scientist would question whether or non she had the ability to map in a normal societal function. Where as the humanist would see that she has adapted positively to the jobs that she faces in life, this would be seen as the holistic theoretical account of health.Karen is a 36-year-old female who surveies full clip at college ; she is a diabetic. Karen is insulin dependant, on assorted medicines ; she has besides gone blind and suffers with peripheral neuropathy. Yet this adult female still classes herself as being healthy. She has learnt to understand and pull off her status, to understate its effects on her life. She is developing to be a counselor so that she can assist other people who find themselves in her state of affairs. Karen is thankful for the wellness that she has, although she suffers many unwellnesss she sees these as new challenges non as sick wellness. Karen was foremost diagnosed 12 old ages ago.Bob is a 44-year-old? male, he does non work and is a diabetic. Bob is insulin dependant, receives other medicines and he besides suffers with peripheral neuropathy. Bob? s intervention is overlooked by the territory nurses he classes himself as being housebound ; relations and carers support him in his day-to-day demands. Bob classes him self as handicapped yet he still has his sight, so his physical wellness is really better than Karen? s is. He has been ill for about 6 old ages. Everyone will portion different positions on the wellness of these two people, that is because wellness agencies different things to each of usThrough cognition I have late learned I am traveling to look at what my construct of? wellness? is now from theoretical positions. Health is portion of a dynamic procedure ; it has assorted influences such as age, gender and our societal categorization. To accurately name person? s wellness, the organic structure must be viewed as a whole, with all countries looked at together as one. There are many different dimensions of wellness. We can look at how our wellness affe Nutmeg States us in many different ways. The organic structure reacts as a whole so hence must be treated as a whole. It is possible for us to be unhealthy with a psychological complaint that can take to societal jobs, or even be caused by them without demoing any physical injury. There are besides the mental, emotional and religious dimensions to look at when specifying wellness. These are all things that need to be taken into history when looking for and accurate diagnosing. How is it possible for an unemployed individual female parent to experience healthy in a on the job category society that has household values, when she is on her ain and life in poorness? She may non be ? ill? but her organic structure is non working in harmoniousness and balance. Different professions have different theories on wellness. A trefoil would state it is the absence of disease or hurt that signify wellness in a individual. A societal scientist would state that it is the ability to map in a normal societal function. The dreamer would back up the WHO definition, where as a humanist would state that it is the ability to accommodate positively to the jobs of life, which makes us healthy. ? All of these professions have different sentiments, yet they are of import in the bringing of our attention when we are ill. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The organic structure is born as one, reacts as one and dies as one. It is a integrity, when affected by illness, it reacts as a whole? . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Sankaran, 1992.Whichever theoretical account of wellness we agree with it must be seen to be equal for the intent it sets out to fulfil. Whether this be nursing the sick, the attention of the aged, both physically and mentally, and the bar of sick wellness through the society in which we live. Holistic is a word derived from the Grecian word? Holos? intending whole. ? The holistic theoretical account of wellness is one that fulfils the WHO definition in the sense that non merely on the absence of disease and unwellness but besides on the absence of physical, psychological and societal complaints, will at that place be harmoniousness and balance. Both of which are needed to interact to organize complete homeostasis. Holistic theoretical accounts say that to see the organic structure without taking into history the societal and psychological facets, would give a deceptive diagnosing of the wellness of that organic structure. Over the last century the most influencing theoretical account in wellness has been the traditional biomedical theoretical account. It began in the Renaissance, when the major division between faith and scientific discipline occurred. Rene Descartes, a philosopher of the Renaissance, put frontward the construct of dualism, a head free from external forces and able to believe logically and independently. With this the organic structure and the head could be viewed individually, the organic structure was seen as a machine. If there were a job the organic structure was broken down into constituents, the job would be found and rectified. Biomedical theoretical accounts of wellness see the organic structure as a biological machine made up of many parts. Cells which make tissues, which so make variety meats and so eventually systems. These systems so interact and communicate to make harmoniousness and balance, a province called biological homeostasis. This is seen as wellness. This attack is known as the reductionist attack, when merely a little portion and non the whole individual is taken into history. It has been priceless in deriving scientific cognition about the organic structure but ruled out the head. This attack did non take into history what affects could be had upon the organic structure by psychological, societal and physical dimensions. Although it is seen to be of great importance that we are physically good, there is now more credence that these other dimensions influence our wellness, so when this is taken into history the biomedical theoretical account of wellness slightly fulfils the WHO definition. Both of the theoretical accounts of wellness that we have looked at position the organic structure as being full and understand that one portion will non work right without the other. Yet the biomedical theoretical account, which is the orthodox, traditional theoretical account treats the parts that cause the job, without farther analyzing psychological or societal upsets which may besides be present. To accomplish complete harmoniousness and balance, we need to firstly accomplish a complete province of physical, mental and societal wellbeing, this can merely be done by sing the organic structure as a whole in its entireness.

The course of true love never did run smooth. A Comparison of Romeo and Juliet A Midsummer Nights Dream (honors student)

The course of true love never did run smooth. A Comparison of Romeo and Juliet A Midsummer Nights Dream (honors student) A Midsummer Nights Dream can be compared with the play Romeo and Juliet. They both encompass many of the same themes of love. Love is prohibited, true, lustful, and desired. In A Midsummer Night's Dream Lysander demonstrated the overriding theme of both plays, "The path of love never did run smooth" (1.i.14). The two plots revolve around two couples that are in love with each other, yet cannot be joined together because of family members who prohibit the lover's love. The endings are very different, but with a few changes both could have resulted in a tragedy or comedy.True love is shown and prohibited in both plays. In a Midsummer Night's Dream Egeus, Hermia's father does not want her to marry Lysander, but Demetrius. Hermia and Lysander are in love, yet her father thinks she is just blinded. He forbids Hermia to marry Lysander and if she does she will be put to death or have to become a nun.English: "Midsummer Nights Dream Act IV Scene IA...Romeo and Juliet cannot be together becau se their families hate each and are feuding. Even though the couples are truly in love the authoritative figures cannot see this and think they are just love struck. The plays show that love is in the eye of the beholder and one cannot choose who they love.Love is very powerful and both plays depict this. The love that the lovers have will not just go away because it is not approved of. They are willing to do anything to be together because of the love they share. Romeo and Juliet marry secretly. Afterwards, Romeo is exiled from Verona and Juliet contemplates to commit suicide because she is not able to be with her love. Finally, with her father's command to wed Paris she decides to fake her death. Juliet would...

Own question about the book Attitudes toward Sex in Antebellum America Essay

Own question about the book Attitudes toward Sex in Antebellum America - Essay Example Intimate issues are approached diligently and therefore many people had experienced sexuality based on racial, gender difference and cultural perspectives. All these contribute to the views that sex as an activity was rejected but ironically taking place.2 The main deterrent for premarital sex in Antebellum US was the fear of women and girls getting pregnant. However, sexual desire always existed between the men and the women. This occurs regardless of social class, position, slave or not slave. At some point, control of casual sex was basically done by the families and the superiors in the society. In away, even these facilities were also under control by the superiors. However, premarital sex was totally not allowed for anybody. This is very concerning because it is the same people who are not allowing to have sex but they are in need of the same. However, the sexual taboo majorly applied to women in practice.3 This reflects gender bias in this issue of discussion. Men had many opt ions as far as sex was concerned. They were enforcing the rules effectively. Unfair treatment and discrimination made Margaret Sanger who was born in 1883 fumed in search of reasonable means of birth control. Women were pressed and needed ways of having freedom by looking for birth control measures. The fear of getting pregnant was very high. The Comstock laws had put her under several arrest warrant. The pioneer woman nurse had to fly to Europe having built a strong backing from several friends and other associates to spearhead the need for birth control measures.4 Through persistence of this particular nurse, the court offered opportunity through other activists and birth control measures were ensured in Antebellum. Sexuality as away of exploitation was the only way that the women could fight for liberty. The men on the other hand were enjoying freedom on sexual matters. Birth control mechanisms for women were also ironically geared towards freedom in having sex just as men were d oing. The limitation on right for women movement could be ended through this birth control move. This reflects much study on gender equality from endurance on sexual exploitation and deterring movement of women. In addition, it is claimed that the purpose of sexual intercourse and general meaning of marriage shapes most of the families in Antebellum. 5 It would be the right explanation why women were on the argumentative end when their rights were ignored. They had to champion it by themselves to achieve the hard found freedom. The question is that why were they championing on this freedom? More explanations from the book show that there was commercialization of sex. Women wanted to be like men and move around once they succeeded in birth control option they were geared towards. The author states, â€Å"Women could now enjoy sex outside the marriage† It is very ironical because through sex, they were exploited. Sexual repression stereotype in 1800’s impacted diverse pu blic argument. All the professionals, including the doctors and religious leaders all had to contribute in the debate about sexual exploitation and experience in Antebellum. Sexual exploitation however called for reforms and internalization of values of middle class. These reforms included chastity, hard work and thrift. Many honest citizens were able to indulge in crimes, sinful activities and implicit sexual behaviors.

The Clean Air Act Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Clean Air Act - Term Paper Example The 1990 amendment also addressed requirements for gasoline reformulation to control its evaporative emissions (Jacobson 2). This paper will discuss the emission regulations contained in the Clean Air Act and how it has helped the environment. The Act contains several emission regulations as listed in the below description. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) These are regulations issued by the Environmental Protection Act to set up primary and secondary NAAQS which define the standards of air quality permitted (Martineau and Novello 12). The primary standards aim at providing public health protection, which include protecting the sensitive population like the elderly, children and asthmatics. On the other hand, secondary standards provide protection to public welfare such as crop, buildings and animal damage, and poor visibility (Jacobson 4). New Source Review (NSR) Permits They govern regulations requiring new stationary sources of emissions of air pollutants to be permi tted prior to construction (Turner 36). It incorporates three types of permits, which are Nonattainment NSR, Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and Minor NSR permits. The Nonattainment NSR permits apply to new sources or modifications of sources that already exist in areas that do not meet the attainment requirements of NAAQS. The PSD permits apply to significant sources or modifications of sources in areas meeting attainment requirement and also areas unclassifiable by the NAAQS. Thirdly, Minor NSR permits apply to sources that do not require a PSD or Nonattainment permit (Martineau and Novello 12). New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) They are regulations issued by the EPA that establish air pollution standards to be met by new stationary sources (Turner 40). They encompass categories related to development of energy like gas and oil producing facilities, petroleum refineries and onshore processing plants for natural gases, coal preparation plants and bulk gasoline t erminals. The NSPS regulations have two elements, the Clean Air Interstate Rule that caps nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emissions in the eastern part of the United States, and the Clean Air Mercury Rule that reduces emissions of mercury from power plants powered by coal (Martineau and Novello 14). National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) These are regulations that govern emissions of hazardous air pollutants that are not covered under the NAAQS, and they are issued by the EPA. They contain standards for categories of sources that emit significant quantities of air pollutants (Martineau and Novello 14). The environment has benefited from the Clean Air Act in various ways. There has been a 25 percent reduction in ground level ozone, a hazardous component of smog, from 1980 to 2011 (Turner 39). Mercury emissions into the environment have also gone down by 45 percent within the past two decades. In the same period, rules enforced by law have facilitated a reduction in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen dioxide, the key pollutants that cause acid rain, by 71 percent and 46 percent respectively (Sperling and Deborah 191). The ozone layer has also seen the phasing out of production and use of chemicals contributing to its depletion. The reduction of acid rain due to a cut of emissions that cause it has led

D4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

D4 - Assignment Example They can also request the school to correct any documents that are misleading or inaccurate and also a right to receive formal hearing should appropriate action not be taken. Schools should be discreet with information and must obtain rights from either the student or the parent to release information from the records. However some parties such as school and audit official, parties aiding the student financially, accreditors, organizations conducting studies on behalf of the school have been exempted from this exception. As an early childhood educator, I should recognize this rule and ensure compliance to the latter. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) provides the legal provisions that govern services to children with disabilities (Staples 376). The lessons learnt from the video clip and the review of the Act relates to the following facts: The Act dictates how the state provides early intervention, special education to eligible infants and youths with disabilities. In part B, children and youth between 3-21 years receive services while the infants and toddlers receive services under the C part. As an early childhood educator, I am equipped with the knowledge that it is important to offer a child quality learning experience. It is equally important that the children with disabilities are well prepared before joining the kindergartens with a strong foundation for success in school. The Act provides me with an adequate base of learning on the need to care and help the state in acknowledging and helping transform the lives of the challenged. Child abuse is prevalent especially towards infants and minors. Child abuse and neglect exists in many ways and has various causes relating to the thought pattern, beliefs and behaviors of guardians. In many cases, parents use child rearing techniques that are abusive or inflict harm when frustrated. Various states and organizations have come up to fight against this vice and strict

Global sourcing

Global sourcing Question 3 Introduction Global Sourcing is the procurement of goods and services from independent suppliers or subsidiaries from multinational companies which are located abroad and are made for further development of consumption in the multinationals home country or a third country (Cavusgil et al, 2007). International companies are increasingly looking to maintain their competitive advantage in their industry, and are therefore internationalising their supply-chain activities such as engineering, procurement, logistics, and even marketing. The issues For understanding the issues or risks managers face nowadays in global sourcing one has to divide the activities in two main segments, which is the flow of goods and information. The first reason for a company to source an activity of their value chain globally is generally perceived because of cost saving. Trent and Monczka (2003) noted a saving of 15 percent when successfully implementing global sourcing strategies of material cost, comparing to local and regional sourcing practices. Levy (1995) uses the term ‘disruptions for the issues in the global sourcing activities of a firm, and thus within the supply chain. Levy argues that the disruptions in the flow of goods are primarily caused by unstable demand, defective and late deliveries and internal production problems. Furthermore, there are challenges in language, culture, inventory management, lack of technology, trade regulations, currency fluctuations, and quality assurance. All these disruptions result in the extension of costs, which was the reason to source globally in the first place. Cavusgil et al (2007) identifies risks in global sourcing such as environmental factors, weak legal environment, risk of creating competitors, over-reliance on suppliers, and the erosion of morale amongst home-country nationals. Managers of the supply-chain are according to Levy (1995) underestimating the cost of global sourcing, which means they do not include the disruptions when making a decision on to outsource or not. Secondly, managers often view the supply-chain as a static flow of controls instead of a complex and dynamic one. Thirdly, managers tend to outsource when a company is on its maturity but then neglect the demand volatility. And lastly, managers tend to treat supply-chain crises as one-time events instead of part of the instability of the supply-chain. Learning the hard way For example, Boeing is facing major delays in manufacturing its new 787. The aircraft manufacturer is in its never ending race with Airbus to present its new passenger aircraft. Boeing has its suppliers all over the world and with Boeings specific needs and design some suppliers were given a far greater responsibility for design, and there was no control on their work from our side (Weitzman, 2009). Or even a more compelling example of supply-chain failure is the near extinction of Land Rover in 2002 than owned by Ford that almost had to stop production because the supplier of its chassis had gone bankrupt. It said that it needed six to nine months to find an alternative supplier, putting 11,000 jobs at risk. It is mentioned in the Financial Times article that having dual-suppliers will cost around  £12m just for the chassis (Milne, 2008). Critical Success Factors Global Sourcing In the study of Trent et al (2009) the critical success factors of global sourcing were identified. These factors are personnel with the right skills and knowledge, the availability of information, the awareness of potential global suppliers, time, and global capabilities of the supplier, interested in global contracts, global sourcing support, and direct visits. These critical success factors seem logical, and thus a firms global supply chain might seem water proof, but there will always be disruptions. Imagine the sharp fluctuations a firm can come across; when the firm is importing its goods from Singapore for example per ship, and the fluctuations demands the firm to use an air-freight to deliver the goods and meet the demands, the transportation costs can run ten times higher than the sea-freight deliveries, thus totally eroding the cost-advantage of manufacturing the goods in a lower-cost labour country (Levy, 1995). Conclusion Disruptions will always be part of the supply-chain of any firm in any industry. However, a careful planning of every step in the supply-chain should be routine. When sourcing globally, one has to think carefully of what to source and what to keep on board. When sourcing globally just for the cost advantage, one will find a lot of challenges along the way. Global sourcing should be part of the firms strategy, not an emergent strategy, but a proactive attitude. When implementing new supply-chain activities, disruptions should be taken into account, in order to reduce the chance of errors. This should include flexibility of suppliers payment, a back-up for the JIT (just-in-time) deliveries, a well-managed inventory system, excellent training activities for maintaining quality, and continuous improvements to keep the competitive advantage over other firms. Question 4 Introduction Businesses operating in an international context encounter different issues than firms operating solely in their home market, the domestic businesses. International firms enter new economical conditions, different political systems, laws and regulations and different cultures (Cavisgil et al, 2007). Cavusgil et el (2007) note that international firms find themselves in uncontrollable variables factors of which the firm has little control.   Most companies internationalise at a certain stage, the point at which they are going international has several reasons. The motivations can be reactive and proactive. These can be named push-, pull-, and drift factors. Push factors indicate the firms position in a saturated market, meaning declining demand, increasing fierce competition, or products that reached maturity and need a little push. Pull factors are proactive movements of the firm to move across borders because foreign markets promise faster growths, higher profits or less legal re straints and less competition. Drift factors are rather ad hoc or accidental. Firms that operate first solely in their domestic market receive large orders from international firms, which makes them decide to pursue an international adventure. Advantages and disadvantages For domestic firms to go international it means they have to take lots of new aspects into account. The risks are substantial. The commercial risk concerns the risk of weak partners, poor timing of entry and underestimation of the operational scale. Secondly, the currency risk which includes currency fluctuations and taxations. Thirdly, the country risk involves the legal issues, political stability and economical situations. Fourth is the cross-cultural risk, which basically means the lack of understanding each others cultures. These four main topics indentify the risk of the international business, or rather should be taken into account when going international. The advantages are rather attractive as well. The firm can expect substantial increases of sales, market share and higher profits. Also, the firm increases its economies of scale and can therefore expect to reduce their cost-per-units. It enters more diversified markets, and can therefore learn from new markets and adapt and adopt accordingly. By being an international firm, it bolsters itself against fluctuations in the economy and becomes a stronger player throughout their domestic market and internationally. The disadvantage of the firm exporting is the lack of understanding of the foreign markets, fewer opportunities to learn about the new customers, their competitors, and the lack of communication (Cavusgil, 2007). Illustrations of domestic to international business and back Johanson and Vahine (1977, lecture slides) designed the Uppsala Internationalisation model in which stages firms go across borders. This starts from exporting, to licensing production, than to joint ventures and eventually sole ventures, illustration the steps firms undertake gradually. Through this model Wal-Mart, using the push method, entered several markets by jumping to sole ventures, without the necessary research to succeed in a country. In its domestic market, it is a successful concept made for the American lifestyle. When it entered Mexico, it built massive parking lots like in the US, but only to found out later that most Mexicans do not have a car. In Brazil, where most families do their shopping once a month on their payday, Wal-Mart built the aisles to narrow to establish havoc (Cavusgil et al, 2007). These are the examples of jumping, literally, into new markets without understanding of what is going on. Would it team-up by licensing to a local supermarket chain its success rate would have been much higher. In contrast with these Wal-Mart examples Carrefour, a French supermarket chain, spent 12 years understanding the Chinese market just to become the largest foreign retailer with presence in 25 countries; which is a much more gradual entry. In its domestic market, General Motors is facing serious competition and a declining market share which it is losing to Japanese carmakers and others. Its reason to maintain Vauxhall and Opel seems like their lifeline for developing solid competition for smaller fuel-efficient cars in its domestic market. Both Ford and Chrysler now with Fiat have the technology to develop these engines, had General Motors sold Vauxhall/Opel it would have lost its part of its knowledge in small fuel-efficient cars in its domestic markets and its presence in the European Market. On the contrary, Honda, with its sole focus on its engine, entered the US with small cars after the push from a high level of competition in Japan. It started however with export to the US and moved in manufacturing Honda in 1982, being already superior in quality in every auto market segment, better fuel efficiency, and better priced. Honda moved after being ready to move, and had time to study the US-market and it needs. The oil crises in the eighties helped significantly in US customers in persuading buying fuel efficient smaller cars (Klier, 2008). Conclusion Nowadays, the world is getting flatter and flatter (Friedman, 2005), meaning that the worlds resources are within an arm length for nearly all firms, provided they need the right network, skilled labour force and strategy to enter foreign markets. Collaboration between companies is often used to harness themselves against more intensifying competitors, who are obtaining knowledge, and cost advantages as well through collaboration. This continuous cycle makes the world a smaller place to do business in. Eventually all domestic businesses have some international activities, either in exporting, importing or knowledge. The world nowadays is too small to be comfortable in your own market, where you will face saturation and perhaps even decline.

Ethnicity and Race are significant problems in education

There are many points to be discussed when mentioning to race and ethnicity in instruction, some of the points are in favor of ethnics and minority groups in instruction, whereas some points are against the thought. In this essay, I will show my points for both in favor and against, followed by illustrations and grounds in our mundane lives. One of the points for the thought of cultural minorities in instruction is extinguishing racism from schools and conveying kids up in a multi-cultural environment. For illustration, 30-40-years ago, back when my parents were analyzing in the UK, I know my pa was one of the three people who wore a turban in the whole school, subsequently on this became two people, as he was picked on which so pressured him into cutting his hair. However, in today ‘s twenty-four hours and age there are evidently more cultural minority groups in schools which hence, gives more support and encouragement to other cultural minority groups. So holding multiracial groups whether they are pupils or instructors, has had a immense impact on Asians in peculiar as it had made them to be proud of who they are every bit good as non giving into peer force per unit area. On the other manus this could besides convey in negative encouragement as it could ensue in strong forces in-society or group ties. This could besides use to a functionalism position where they think that an single transmits values and beliefs, where these are indispensable constituents of societal make up and can take into the struggle position as groups in society are engaged in uninterrupted power battle for control of limited resources. Accents have proven to be a big obstruction with respects to cultural minorities in instruction, whether it is understanding both instructor ‘s and a pupil ‘s speech pattern. As we are all cognizant, communicating is a critical accomplishment today. It is non merely indispensable in larning but besides indispensable in maintain relationships. A difference in speech patterns could do a great degree of misinterpretation and the ability to larn at a much slower gait compared to other pupils, therefore impeding a pupil ‘s ability to larn from a instructors point of position, it will be hard and very clip devouring for his/her pupils to understand what is being taught. This could besides ensue in the instructor and/or pupils losing forbearance every bit good as assurance. However, contrary to that, there are many illustrations of some well-established people in the cultural minorities who have made a difference to people ‘s lives, every bit good as besides doing singular alterations to the universe. This highlights another point in favor of holding cultural minorities involved in instruction. For illustration Mahatma Ghandi and Martin Luther King, both preached non force, civil rights and equality. Although these people were non straight involved in instruction, they did hold a portion to play as they were sermonizers and taught wellbeing, which shows that they are instructors in educating people how to populate. Schools have started to learn about other faiths and other races, which mean that people now have a better thought and apprehension of different cultural backgrounds. This has caused peace and friendly relationship between races at school which has resulted in less communicating, less racial cause and force in schools. There are school athleticss squads which encourage all pupils of all backgrounds to take portion in, demoing equality and they are all given opportunities to take part and stand for their schools non based on their coloring material or background, but based on their single endowments, so excess course of study activities are utile and besides promote cultural minorities. Some schools and colleges have now besides built supplication suites to suit people of the Muslim religion. This consequences in instruction and society going multicultural, accepting people of all religions. This thought has a strong component of societal building, back uping an interactionist positio n as society is created through the interactions of persons and groups, where persons portion interpret their experiences which this influences others actions. School ‘s have been learning pupils about other spiritual festivals in other faiths e.g. Diwali and Eid to the extent, some schools bring in particular invitee talkers from the several faiths to acquire a full detailed, descriptive and an accurate overview of their festivals one time once more advancing multi-cultural positions in instruction. As we discussed earlier with respects to speech patterns, a batch is really stereotyped. For illustration we ‘see ‘ an person from the cultural minority and automatically presume what his address is like, what his intelligence is like. However as we have merely discovered, 2 of the universe ‘s greatest leaders have been of cultural beginnings and their speech pattern or them being stereotyped did non forestall them from accomplishing what they have achieved boulder clay day of the month. For case, Margaret Thatcher was the first female premier curate in England ; people thought that merely because she was a adult female, she could non win which they assumed. Again, same with Barack Obama the first African American president, people assumed the same. Persons did non cognize these people or even heard of them, but they still made their judgements and premises. Now, we have female professionals, Black leaders and besides Asiatic enterprisers where each of them are succ essful which leads me on to cite in my sentiment that there is no such thing as sexism or racism any longer. Furthermore, the thought of meritocracy could besides back up this as it theoretically ground tackles in equality and equity to carry through achieved position in society. This is expressed through the belief that there is ‘a flat playing field ‘ and with the purpose of those that achieve the best, merit the best occupations. Class and educational public presentation show a really close relationship, this has been the issue during the twentieth century regardless of how the instruction system has been structured. Students from upper and in-between category backgrounds are well expected to travel into higher instruction than those from the working category backgrounds. This is because some on the job category parents do non stress instruction as a precedence to make good in life compared to upper or middle category parents. This could perchance be the ground why the working category underachieve and be put into lower groups. A known theoretician Bourdieu[ 1 ]specified that in-between category people are those that benefit as they have the right cultural capital, go throughing on civilization and the right attitudes and cognition to their kids, which shows that the more the cultural capital you have, the successful you are within instruction. Marxism could travel against the thought of Bourdieu ‘s cul tural capital, as Marxist believe that the instruction system is barbarous to the working category due to the fact that text books, and necessities for schools are merely bought by upper and middles categories as working category can non afford them ensuing that the working category will non larn. Another factor which affects societal category is labelling. Teachers label pupils harmonizing to their visual aspect, verbal communicating and societal category. From this instructors are more likely to judge a pupil and suit them into standards covertly. Education has encountered race and ethnicity jobs for several old ages. The uninterrupted educational issues affecting race and ethnicity of all schools will ever do contention in society, as there is ever prejudice and abomination. The usage of the two footings ‘race ‘ and ‘ethnicity ‘ is diverse. I think the two footings are misused as if they are equal. I besides agree that ‘race is non now, nor has it of all time been, merely about the physical description of human fluctuation. Since its beginning in Western scientific discipline in the 18th century, race has been used both to sort and to rank human existences harmonizing to inferior and superior types ‘[ 2 ]. Ethnicity is a group of people who are connected with each other through a common heritage for e.g. possibly through linguistic communication, civilization or an political orientation that emphasises lineage or intermarriage. Consequently, these groups of people are distinguished from other groups through signifiers such as racial, lingual, economic, spiritual and political affairs. Racial tenseness and favoritism became more evident towards the terminal of the twentieth century. This evoked important concerns, particularly in schools. Schools, for some are the last halt for social integrating and for others they it is the simplistic reply in decreasing racism and deriving sociableness between White persons and minority groups in society. Many argue that it is unreasonable to locate the duty for get the better ofing racism on the schools, peculiarly when other establishments have non accomplished in promoting better race dealingss. However, schools do hold the capableness to do an of import engagement to the betterment of racial force per unit area in society. Students spend a major fraction of their lives in school until they reach immature maturity. School consciousness takes topographic point at a point in pupils ‘ lives when they are most unfastened to socialization, attitude behavior, character patterned advance and new experiences. While attending at school is compulsory, some pupils are non entertained by school life. Even though schools may non be able to belie the racism that exists in society wholly, they do hold the opportunity and chance to consistently support and besides promote affirmatory societal dealingss towards pupils from all racial cultural groups. I think that for schools to assist sociabl eness and racial integrating pedagogues ought to be cognizant about the limitations and opportunities school policies and practises enforce on pupils about societal relationships. For instructors and decision makers their chief purpose is to give academic accomplishment for pupils, but their patterns and policies they implement to achieve their academic purposes can besides impact the possibility that pupils have multiracial interactions and organize multiracial friendly relationships. It has been shown by sociological research, every procedure of interpersonal attractive forces conducted by the societal descriptions of the background in which the connexions occur. Abolished school shows chiefly an accurate context. These schools have said to hold an cultural and racial composing, unwraping largely the general population. Furthermore, there is non a clear or a precise definition of desegregated schools.[ 3 ] On a day-to-day footing many kids have to cover with particular demands. However, non merely multiracial kids have to pull off with the common jobs of childhood and household fortunes, they besides have to cover with a state of affairs of individuality. It has been said that students that are cultural minority are farther expected to come across racism from other students and from people who are portion of a group of the broader society than from instructors. By any agencies these experiences of racism could worsen necessary letdown and choler from some cultural minority pupils, which teachers must be answered with penalty procedures, likely affecting pupil ‘s exclusion. In this aspect instructors are moving in reply to a state of affairs for which they are non responsible for themselves. I think that there is the slightest possibility that some schools may possibly are now more cognizant of equality of chances jobs and that they have developed and introduced policies in order to raise equality of chances for both cultural minority pupils and females. There are diverse representations for school pupils from different minority cultural groups. Asiatic backgrounds ( Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani ) are normally defined by the linguistic communications they speak and for that ground are seen as an bullying, socially every bit good as academically to white kids[ 4 ]. Asiatic and black kids were non deriving the opportunities and advantages from the British instruction system that most parents hoped for in the early 1970 ‘s[ 5 ]. I think that the concern for pupils of Asiatic beginning has fluctuated in some ways compared to black pupils, for illustration they have gained a positive stereotype as ‘perfect pupils ‘ . Cultural minorities are expected to belong to socio-economic groups ; this will therefore increase their educational failing. In 1996 Gillborn and Gipps[ 6 ]conducted a sum-up of the literature on the academic attainment of minority cultural group pupils and resulted that Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils, in add-on to African-Caribbean beginning were missing in accomplishment in relation to their white equals. However, on the other manus Indian pupils appeared to hold shown patterned advance and performed good compared to their equals. % demoing GCSE achievement five or more higher class base on ballss[ 7 ] Both educational advancement and accomplishments are non the same. It is likely for a figure of groups to do good betterments and yet still carry through lower criterion accomplishments. The belief of the school is of import but societal background is of much larger importance. On the other manus small grounds for different school influences for cultural minorities. This suggests that same schools are chiefly effectual for cultural minority pupils. An intensifying measure of research has determined on schoolrooms and pupil-teacher interactions. The consequences often raise indispensable inquiries sing the manner in which pupils are understanding and sing schooling. It was non until 2003 that the authorities foremost published statistics demoing GCSE pass-rates across different cultural groups. Statisticss show that Indian, Chinese, and African-Asian students systematically have higher degrees of accomplishment than other cultural groups across all the Key Stages. In contrast, Black, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Gypsy/traveller students systematically have lower degrees of attainment than other cultural groups across all the Key Stages. It is critical to recognize that there is major single distinction in accomplishment within each group. Bangladeshi and Black Caribbean pupils will make highly good and several Chinese pupils will non win. Still, authorized consequences were published in November 2007 screening that Black pupils were reasoning the educational spread at GCSE. The statistics of Black Caribbean pupils achieving five sensible General certificate of secondary education has revealed about twice the national rise, meaning that the spread has lessened by 8 % points within four old ages. A point to do about the modern-day instruction system is that the least achieving group in footings of deriving five A*-C classs at GCSE is white propertyless male childs. I think that if bulk of Black pupils are below wining so it certain inquiries sing the instruction system. Institutionally, is the instruction system racialist? Harmonizing to research I think that good and sensible practise in early old ages of instruction should attach learning with cultural and community, besides personal values to organize a ‘shared acquisition brush ‘ between the instructor and the parents of a pupil in order to attest top results for all pupils. Personally, the ‘race concern ‘ can non be dealt within a individual country. The instruction system entirely can non give all the replies, even though it does hold the opportunity and the duty to do critical engagement towards the formation of a better society. Again, instruction in other states, e.g. Africa or India is more of import for the pupil to interrupt out of poorness where the lone manner forward is instruction which will give them accomplishments to break them and finally do a difference. However, here in UK, I feel that pupils take advantage of instruction as it is mandatory and do non appreciate it. Racism is considered as a ‘permanent fixture[ 8 ]‘ of society, accordingly meaning that racism is ever an of import factor within the argument and evidently there it is non required to do comprehendible that it continues. The critical race theory as a consequence seeks to stand for and oppugn racism in its different signifiers. The critical race theory is a manner of looking at race dealingss, particularly in the USA, in a extended context compared to the conventional civil rights. Its intent is to convey uncertainness towards broad thoughts of objectiveness or colour-blindness and come up to proving race affairs which, it claims it can still beef up Whites ‘ reaction. As you can see, many points have been detailed above in relation to race and ethnicity in instruction, both for and against. After careful consideration and analysis, I believe it is better for there to be other races and cultural minorities involved in instruction today. It can be seen that points ‘against ‘ are easy overcome and are therefore negligible in comparing to the points ‘for ‘ . The fact that we have grounds that proves holding a multicultural environment in schools is better for people ‘s assurance and to enabling them to lodge to their cultural beliefs, is a definite ground to back up my sentiment, and goes hand-in-hand with what the great leaders such as Martin Luther King and Mahatma Ghandi taught and lived for. Possible ways of how we can better the ‘race and ethnicity state of affairs ‘ in instruction is by promoting and enabling engagement of ethnics in instruction. This will let doing an betterment to the universe and peoples ‘ every bit good as pupils lives, last but non least it will better the quality of instruction overall. Again, we have seen how large reputable leaders such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King have had a immense presence in the instruction and civil rights countries, and by utilizing them as graven images and illustrations, we can promote more cultural minority groups to step up and makes alterations for the better, demoing equality amongst races.

Disaster mitigation in Naga City

The city of Naga is located in the Isle of Luzon in the Philippines. Situated at about 377 km south of Manila, Naga City lies at the center of Camarines Sur, which is the biggest province in the Bicol region. The city has a total area of 77. 5 sq. kms. The city is located along the typhoon belt and therefore prone to tropical storms and typhoons throughout the year. It is also deemed vulnerable to floods, and earthquakes (Pineda & Buan, 1998). In the Naga City area, there are different kind of floods which periodically plays havoc in the city.Apart from floods from the major river Bicol, flash flood from Naga River too devastates the region. Besides river floods, there are periodic storm surges from the sea as well. Frequent inundation of the city and loss of agricultural land is a common phenomenon in the region. 1 Disaster management plan When natural disasters occur, the rate of survival and rescue of property would depend upon how efficient the emergency response operation is. Th e region is expanding very fast and the same trend will continue in the future as the Naga city is the center for commercial, educational, and industrial sectors in Bicol region.Disaster management plan is all the more relevant for this disaster prone city, because with tremendous growth rate, the likelihood of causality figures is expected to go up, if planned measures is not undertaken (Westen, 2007). Delayed and poor management of disaster could result in great deal of loss, both of human and property. Naga city has a much thought out disaster management and mitigation plan to cope up with the threat of natural calamities, which plagues the region (Pineda, & Buan, 1998).In seeking to ensure that their community could grow and prosper in a sustainable manner, Naga city officials sought to ensure a close link between hazard mitigation and land use planning. Following a study to determine the priority areas of attention, they crafted a strategy to manage hazards and to prevent envir onmental degradation in order to uplift the quality of urban life. A coordinated set of activity was formulated in the Naga City Disaster Management Project (NCDMP). NCDMP became the focus of the city’s evolving disaster risk management initiatives.It’s major concern was to identify risk reduction measures that could help the residents, while also promoting the importance of awareness and city planning for potential hazards that could threaten the city. As the first model city in the Philippines, Naga City used its projects to help strengthen the capacity of its citizens to develop and implement disaster mitigation standards and practices (United Nations, 2004).Diasater reduction initaitives Naga City authority realized that losses and damages to properties due to disaster 1. http://library. witpress. com/pages/PaperInfo. sp? PaperID=14311 could be avoided with proper planning, and attention towards relocating centers of. economic activity and settlements in safer area s. Through the development of community based surveys, with technical data provided by the weather service flood forecasting division, hazard mapping was carried out. In their planning for disaster risk reduction measures, the local authorities maximized the use of GIS. GIS also helped them determine which areas of the city would most likely become flooded. Accordingly, city officials targeted specific households for evacuation.After the identification of the vulnerable areas, the Naga City local authority made plans to shift the economic activities from low lying flood prone areas to elevated and less risky areas of the city. The local authority promulgated a five year developmental plan, whereby new land use laws and economic incentives have been made and new areas have been developed into growth centers. Coping strategy after Durian Durian is the fourth typhoon that hit Philippines within a span of three months. Worst hit by the typhoon was the areas near Mayon volcano, located a t the south east of Manila. The typhoon wrecked havoc in Camarines, Sur, Albay, and other provinces in the region.Termed as super typhoon, it submerged the provinces of Albay, and caused several villages near the Mayon volcano to be completed buried due to mudflows and landslides. Immediately after the typhoon, the Provincial Disaster Coordination Council (PDCC) together with pertinent agencies, and individuals initiated relief operations on war footing for the affected families. The persons affected by flood were moved to the evacuation centers and essentials and food items were distributed in a coordinated manner.The Provincial office along with regional center for health development coordinated the work of vaccination, drinking water testing, regular health assessment, deployment of environmental health sanitation team, and needed supplies of essentials and medicines. Rehabilitation of water and electricity infrastructures was implemented with speed and efficiency. 3 Conclusion T he typhoons in Philippines in 2006 wrought havoc in Naga City and nearby areas. The massive destructions caused by these typhoons were an eye opener for the authorities. The government has leant a lesson, albeit in a bitter way.Precautionary measures have been taken now on a massive scale, and not later. The typhoon Durian in Philippines could have caused less causality if there were timely intervention of the authorities to move the people of flood prone area to safer elevated area. As there is the possibility of disasters happening any time, people near the Mayon volcano have been shifted several times right after the warning of some impending disaster, which is perhaps the only way to prevent causality and loss of property. In this the city has set an example.

Combating Commodity Price Volatility In Australia

Combating Commodity Price Volatility In Australia Introduction It has been the wish of the France president to come up with collective solutions that have the ability of reducing excessive commodity price volatility. This is particularly in agricultural as well as energy product prices. This has been placed as being the first priority due to its effects on food security and world growth. The G20 has been the best forum for dealing with price volatility issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Combating Commodity Price Volatility In Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because; the major stakeholders of oil and agricultural products markets are all G20 members. The France presidency has concentrated more on energy and agricultural products, whereby they want to improve regulations dealing with product financial markets. This is because such markets have been having no harmonized rules and regulations. Some of them even have no basic rules that govern mar ket abuse as well as price manipulation (Ambafrance-jp.org. 2011,) France also wants to increase transparency in markets for physical commodities. This is based on the fact that ,there isn’t no international data stating the supply and demand trends that can be termed as reliable, â€Å"on commodities markets hamper prices formation and increases volatility† (Ambafrance-jp.org. 2011). Another strategy proposed by French presidency is preventing and managing food crisis. The first response is increasing the supply of agricultural commodities in developing countries. However, the current food crisis have been stated to be as a result of lack of an international organization entitled with the responsibility of providing responses from governments, apart from channelling unilateral measures that are counterproductive. The usage of emergency and strategic food stocks in prevention of food crisis will only be successful, if and only if it is coordinated at the international level. Last but not least, â€Å"Stronger hedging instruments to protect the poor populations against excessive price volatility,† (Haig, 1966) is another strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Being the president, France has been exploring different ways through which poor nations can be advantaged by the current financial insurance tools, which have the ability of protecting such countries from price hiking as well as events that impact harvests. To better recognize these strategies, G20 ought to copy what the Australia has dealt with price volatility. Price Shocks in Australia Although many studies have indicated that Australia experienced huge commodity price shocks just like other developing countries, it has been proved that, the government curbed volatility in a better way. In Australia, price shocks brought lots of impacts on resource allocation, di stribution as well as development in the last century. In combating such commodity price volatility, studies have argued the significance of tariffs, which aimed at offsetting industrialisation forces which originated from price volatility, and the significance of revenue booms to attain accumulation, and revenue burst in spending. Though the country has undergone greater commodity price volatility; especially between 1870 to1939, as compared to Latin American, Asian countries, Middle East as well as European periphery. But with such tools at hand, they were able to combat the situation. Since 1939, Australian price volatility has not been greater than other countries like US (Corden Gruen, 1970). According to available statistics from (Cashin McDermott, 2002) it has been revealed that, wool was the dominant export product. This is because, of the 70% of Australian export, 50 percent of them were made up of wool. Therefore, price shocks have been as a result of wool prices, even t hough mining and agricultural commodities had similar trends according to Gregory, (1976). However, wool price effects claimed a dominant position. On the other hand, the current booms have been as a result of mining and residual sector. As a result, wool and agriculture seem to be having no effects on the current commodity price volatility (Gregory, 1976) In addition, the category of residual export has been used in offsetting volatility in agricultural, mining and wool commodities. In the 20th century, the time Australia got industrialized, the export mix transformed to manufactures. As a result, though commodity price volatility was still an attribute of Australia, but its effects diminished in the 20th century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Combating Commodity Price Volatility In Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This reduction is as a result of industrialization and post industrialization forces; â⠂¬Å"first, reducing export concentration, and raising the manufacturing export share and second, reducing the relative size of agriculture and mining activity in the economy, both serving to mute the impact of export price volatility in Australian markets† (Gregory, 1976) The Response of Australian Markets on Price Volatility By looking at structural change index and SCHEMP index, we can conclude that in those three price shocks that Australia underwent, there exists no significant difference in structural change during downsizing and upsizing. This has been attributed to secular manufacturing increase; commodity price volatility had very little effects on either deindustrialization or reindustrialization (Koren Tenreyro 2007). The major reasons that could have resulted to such a scenario are two. One lays on â€Å"development of fundamentals and favouring manufacturing, which completely swamped the impact of the commodity price shocks between 1945 and 1955† (Maddock, McLean, 1987). The second reason is based on market factors which did not play its allocative role as expected. The two reasons do not compete in any way, as similar situation seem to have happened in the recent mining price volatility. However, the â€Å"only exception to this rule appears to have been the 1920s where there does seem to be evidence of deindustrialisation on the commodity price upswing and reindustrialisation on the downswing† (Cashin McDermott, 2002) By looking at the factors that suppressed deindustrialization during price boom and reindustrialisation during price slumps, one might be confused in determining whether it was development basic which swamped the effects of price volatility or it were immobility factors (Koren Tenreyro, 2007). In 20th century, Australian immigration boom occurred; however, it occurred five years after the price boom. Though some parts of Australia like Queensland had specialized heavily on agricultural and wool products, high immigration rates were only reported in Western Australia. Moreover, higher immigration rates in this region, occurred during price burst, as compared to boom prices times.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, immigration never played any role in price volatility. In general, labour markets have not yet responded sufficiently in the creation of industrialization and reindustrialisation in commodity price volatility (Hatton Williamson, 1998). By considering unemployment rate behaviours, price booms should have led to low unemployment rates and higher employment rates. This would have been the outcome in case labour would have been immobile. In case labour was mobile, then the rates would have been the same in the entire country. By looking at available statistics, it proves that labour was immobile. Major parts of the country that were mostly affected by price shocks experienced different rates during commodity price volatility. However, such differences can’t be predicted, as they seem to be ambiguous (Hatton Williamson 1998). In general, the labour market of Australia didn’t respond to commodity price volatility as they were inconsistent with conventional the ory predictions. There exist very little prove of industrial response along with structural change during price volatility. This suggests that, â€Å"long run economic fundamentals were swamping them. In addition, we find very little evidence that labour markets were responsive to these price shocks; labour migration during commodity price booms and busts was modest and inconsistent† (Maddock. McLean, 1987) Policy Reaction to Price Volatility in Australia There have been arguments that during commodity price volatility, higher tariffs were used to protect industries. As a result, price booms resulted to higher revenues, which were then used for infrastructural investments in the country, particularly in the industrialised estates (Anderson, 1987). Statistics shows that, tariffs increased sharply in Australia during commodity price booming. It is stated by Lloyd (2008) that, in 1921, â€Å"Customs Tariff increased on industries that had grown during World War I; the tariffs met with very little resistance as the proponents of protectionism used defence and national pride in the young manufacturing sector as additional justifications for protection† (Lloyd, 2008). In addition, the move was also supported by export booming states, as they appealed for fairness in the country. However, tariffs continued to increase during depression, and even after price burst. This was following the proposal made by (Brigden, 1925) that protection was raising wages, living standards as well as raising the level of employees working in high wage jobs. This proposal ended up being implemented as a way of redistributive instrument. One brief existed during Korean War, but great increase in duties happened in 1951-1952. However, it has been argued that tariff rate increase was as a result of an increase on dutiable goods import as compare to free import goods, other than a rise in tariff rates. The increase in imports was being paid for by great raise in demand for com modity export of Australia. However, such payment stopped immediately the boom termination occurred (Lloyd, 2008). It should however be understood that protection need went down; by the time Australia was entering post-industrial development stage. As a result, the service sector ended up becoming the most important sector either in employment or GDP shares. The outcome of this was, â€Å"the support for protecting manufacturing jobs to maintain high living standards faded. There was across-the-board cut in tariff rates in 1973 and the trend continued till the current boom† (Anderson 1987). In short, the response of the federal government to price shocks or volatility by raising tariffs, with the aim of preventing manufacturing unemployment as well as deindustrialisation was brought up by politicians as they though it will matter. In particular, this was during 1920s, the time when manufacturing sector was closely linked to national pride, defence and fairness. Apart from pre venting deindustrialisation, the policies of protectionists served the country well as a toll of reindustrialisation during depression times. However, the need for such policies ended up declining by the time the manufacturing sector was undergoing post war boom effects and in the recent past when the service industry was becoming one of the most significant industry (Brigden, 1925) It is true that the Australian government was enjoying revenue gains during export price booms. However, as stated earlier, revenues didn’t fall after boom, or during price burst. This suggests that the income revenues for the federal government were diversified appropriately to deal with the effects of price volatility of certain commodities. In addition, available evidence proves that, payment shares to both states and subsidies went up at this time. This suggests that, there were some efforts aiming at smoothening regional effects on downside of price volatility. It is stated that â€Å"The re venue growth rate during the Korean War almost doubled from 6.9 to 12.3 percent on either side of 1950, showing how unimportant commodity prices were as a determinant of government revenues by mid-century† (Bambrick, 1973) The recent price boom also led to an increase in government revenue and an increase in share transfer. This has been attributed to the goods and service tax (GST) introduction in 2000. This has been much helpful particularly in eliminating not only territorial and states taxes, but also in the elimination of levies and duties. However, with this policy it was aimed that the federal government will have to â€Å"return that revenue proportion to its states through the Council of Australian Government mechanism† (Corden Gruen1970). As a result the current redistributive share is not as an effect of conscious redistribution strategy, which is accelerated by commodity price volatility, though they are consistent. By comparing government investment growth during price booming, and revenue growth, studies have identified a higher government investment. As a result, studies have attributed this to expenditure smoothing policy. However, during price slumps government investments particularly in infrastructure sector collapsed. This fell has been attributed to fell in revenue growth. This can hardly explain the stabilization policy, but can easily explain the contrary. This brings us to the point that, there is no prove that, the Australian government used investment as way of dealing with commodity price volatility that occurred in 1920s (Koren Tenreyro 2007). During Korean War similar policy response occurred however, this time round government investment grew spectacularly, as compared to 1920s boom’s growth. At this time, the infrastructure sector like roads experienced drastic growth. However, government investment growth in other sectors like education has remained unmatched in the modern history of Australia. By looking a t the downside that occurred after 1920s and 1950s commodity price burst, it has been observed that government investment growth went down. â€Å"In contrast, the recent commodity price boom coincided with drop in aggregate government investments† (Bodie, Kane Marcus, 1999). This break can be explained by the government role ideological shifts, other than viewing it in terms of expenditure smoothening over commodity price volatility. However, the best evidence that will prove Australian policy response historical determination is the government’s response on the collapsing metal base prices. Conclusion With the strategies laid down by the Australian federal government, commodity price volatility that affected major product exports in developing countries, never impacted Australia greatly as compared to other countries, be it on aggregates like GDP or unemployment. This is not because the Australian markets were in a position of responding to external forces. But becau se, revenue was coming from many different sources, though some studies have refuted this point claiming that the Australian government didn’t use countercyclical investment policy to the maximum. Another reason that seems to have prevented greater impact was the fact that, the country was in a position to diversify revenue sources, hence mute the effects of price volatility. This is because, diversification â€Å"made the difference – a big and growing industrial sector before about 1970, and a big and growing service sector after about 1970. More efficient factor markets and better institutions didn’t seem to matter much at all† (Kose Reizman, 2001). List of References Ambafrance-jp.org. 2011, G20-G8 France. Web. Anderson, K. 1987, â€Å"Tariffs and the manufacturing sector,† in Maddock, R. McLean, I (eds.). The Australian Economy in the Long Run. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bambrick, S. 1973. â€Å"Australian Price Levels, 1890-197 0,† Australian Economic History Review. 13(1), PP. 57-71. Bodie, Z., Kane A. Marcus, A. 1999. Investments. Sydney: Irwin McGraw Hill. Brigden, J. 1925, â€Å"The Australian tariff and the standard of living,† Economic Record. 1(1), PP. 29-46. Cashin, P. McDermott, J. 2002, â€Å"Riding on the Sheep’s Back: Examining Australia’s Dependence on Wool Exports† Economic Record. 78(242), PP. 249-63. Corden, W. Gruen, F. 1970, â€Å"A Tariff That Worsens the Terms of Trade.† In.MacDougall, A. Snape, R. (eds.). Studies in International Economics. Amsterdam: North Holland. Gregory, R. 1976, â€Å"Some Implications of the Growth of the Mining Sector.† Australian 30 Journal of Agricultural Economics. 20(2), PP. 71–91. Haig, B. 1966, Estimates of Australian real product by industry. Australian Economic Papers. 5(7), PP. 230-50. Hatton, T. Williamson, G. 1998. The Age of Mass Migration: Causes and Economic Impact. Oxford: Oxford Univers ity Press. Koren, M. Tenreyro, S. 2007, â€Å"Volatility and Development,† Quarterly Journal of Economics.122(1), pp. 243-287. Kose, M. Reizman, R. 2001, â€Å"Trade Shocks and Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Africa,† Journal of Development Economics. 65(1), pp. 55-80. Lloyd, P. 2008, â€Å"100 Years of Tariff Protection in Australia†. Australian Economic History Review. 48(2), pp. 99-145. Maddock, R. McLean, I. 1987, The Australian Economy in the Long Run. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Changes and Continuities in De essays

Changes and Continuities in De essays Changes and Continuities in Demographic Migratory Patterns from 1000-1750 There were many changes and continuities in demographic migratory patterns from 1000-1750. Demography is the study of the movement and population of people. This enables us to learn about lives of people in the past. Both the Bantu Migration and the Atlantic Slave Trade were means of Immigration, which is the moving of persons into new areas. The immigration from the Bantu Migration and the later Atlantic Slave Trade occurred for different reasons. The Bantu Migration occurred because of choice. The Bantu Migration was set in notion by an increase in population, caused by a movement into their homelands of people fleeting from the drying Sahara. A theory of some scientists is that their migration was made possible due to their iron weapons, which enabled them to conquer hunting and gathering societies. The Bantus traveled first to central Sudan, then to Central Africa, and then to the rivers, such as the Congo. This migration caused the Bantus lives to change. Their optional migration changed their lives for the better, opening up new trading in crafts, a new way of kinship worship, a new cultural flourish, as well as many other great things. Because of the Bantu Migration, after thousand years, the Bantus had spread out, dispersing parts of their culture with them. Aspects such as their languages and traditions diffused to the parts of Africa traveled by the Bantus. The Atlantic Slave Trade, on the other hand, was the forced migration of a group of people. A slave is a person who is totally subject to her or his owners will. Slaves could be bought and sold, traded, leased, or mortgaged like a form of livestock. Due to the decline of many of the areas larger political groups, such as those of Ghana and Mali, and the low population density, it was more difficult to resist the Atlantic Slave Trade. Most of th...

Does the jury system fits the Qatari legal system Research Paper

Does the jury system fits the Qatari legal system - Research Paper Example Qatari Legal System The Qatar Legal System, which is a unique one, is marked by the two unique features. Firstly, being a conservative Muslim country, Qatar’s legal system is based upon the Islamic Law, which is known as Sharia. Next, subsequent to the country’s independence in 1971, the civil court (Adlia Court) was formed, to address issues resulting from the end of the British control. (1) The legal scene of Qatar is in start contrast to that of the four neighboring Islamic societies: United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Bahrain. In these four zones, special courts or committees regulate the matters of non-Muslim citizens. But it Qatar, it is the aforementioned Adlia Court that is empowered to pass all laws and regulations governing people belonging to religions other than Islam. (1) For the duration of the preceding few centuries, Qatar’s legal system evolved through three phases and reached its present position. The following are the three patterns of law that had governed the three phases: tribal law, sharia law and modern law. During the phase of the tribal law, some of the judgments handed out were barbaric, to say the least. In that stage, the tribal laws and customs were enforced with utmost severity. Subsequently, there was the advent of the stage where, the Sharia, which is the divine revelation of the regulations to be followed, was adhered to. After that, the British ruled Qatar for the period 1916-1971, and during this time, their (British) laws were the ones that governed the country. And after end of the British regime, the Sharia Law regained its position of supremacy, in the country’s realm of Law. (1) It was almost at the time of independence that the revenue that Qatar derived from oil started to display a rapid growth, and thus paving the way for modernization. And along with this modernization came many new problems warranting immediate attention. As mentioned earlier, the Adlia Court came into being primarily with the objective of addressing these problems. (1) Absence of Jury It has been seen that the modern-day legal system of Qatar is the one that is based on Sharia, which is the word of God. Owing to that, the aspect of referring to previous cases, for arriving at the judgment is conspicuous by its absence in the nation’s legal scenario. To put it in other words, as the Sharia is the law given by the Almighty, there is no scope for both ambiguity and also seeking other sources for guidance, in legal matters. In Qatar Courts, the judge arrives at his decision, fully relying upon their knowledge of the Holy Shraia, and hence this judgment cannot be challenged. As it is the divine word that is the source of the country’s (Qatar) law, both the plaintiffs and defendants cannot use the services of lawyers. They (plaintiffs and defendants) are necessitated to directly present their respective arguments, on their own. (2) At this juncture, it needs to be noted that ju ry was not followed by Qatar, in any of the three stages of the legal system. The reason behind that is very simple to understand. When it is divine revelation that is the foundation on which the law rests, there is no scope for too many arguments in the courts. The word of God cannot be questioned. At this point of this write-up, it won’t be out of place in having a brief look at the jury system that is being followed in the United States. This would be of

Victor Davis Hanson's The Civic Education America Needs Essay

Victor Davis Hanson's The Civic Education America Needs - Essay Example He further argues that among the factors, which hinder civic education, is the presence of scholar uncertainty where they have no national pride, thus making them lose the element of social cohesion (Forment 451). The scholars in turn join college without self-assurance, hence vulnerable to all fallacies about the American practice. Victor also has his argument on the catastrophic changes in the privileged society, especially from the universities, which have trickled down to the schools. He puts that civic education in this schools has declined over the last thirty years. He says that the ideas from the elites of these universities are characterized as being anti-moral to civic education. He further asserts that the ideas of multiculturalism, dictatorial, intellectual, and ethical relativism disseminated from the top universities through the fourth estate and politicians, greatly undermine the civic education program. Victor further argues that multiculturalism, allowed to the etiqu ette of the underclass, changed the conduct of the youthful people (Forment 452). He believes that to counteract this elite culture from undermining the process of civic education, there is need to cultivate and re-visit the common values and national story of America. Furthermore, Victor Davies argues that the conceit of the Enlightenment, which threatens to eliminate the available, shared pathologies, is a cause of concern in promoting the civic education in America. The segregation and undermining of women plays a key role in disheartenment of efforts to foster the civic education in America. He puts forward that civility, which to many is merely convection, has to become a tool for liberation of the people (Nelles 264). He observes that civility was an oppressive phenomenon of the 1950s, an era punctuated by subdued sexual issues like inhumane treatment of women, minorities and the young people. These were to remind the women that they were the weaker sex and they had no place i n the society. The treatment, according to Victor also wanted to show the youth that they were tacit. It comes evident when the learners of age 20 claim that they owe nothing in terms of morals to the older generation. They further claim that the old generation need to get astute thoughts from them, which to Victor undermines the role of civic education (Forment 454). Victor argues that gone are the days when a person took concern of the greater humanity, other than the individualistic nature. He advocates for a kind of†citizenship†education where one is guided by the values and not obligated by attachments. Victor further proposes that the American system of education should embrace the idea of â€Å"citizenship,† which will cultivate an individual guided by rights and the broader humanity. This, to Victor can bring up students who are responsible and guided by morals (Nelles 265). Through this, teachers will be able to correct students who mess up and also enabl e students to learn the values, which will promote civic education in the primary schools. On the other end, this will not be fruitful in implementing, especially when the teachers and parents fail to lead as examples to the kids. in addition, teachers may lack the moral and intellectual authority and end up behaving like their learners in their behavior (Nelles 266). The idea of the â€Å"citizenship,† also promotes teamwork especially in sports. This teamwork enhances